@article { author = {Olabemiwo, F.A. and Danmaliki, G.I. and Oyehan, T.A. and Tawabini, B.S.}, title = {Forecasting CO2 emissions in the Persian Gulf States}, journal = {Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {1-10}, year = {2017}, publisher = {GJESM Publisher (Professor J. Nouri)}, issn = {2383-3572}, eissn = {2383-3866}, doi = {10.22034/gjesm.2017.03.01.001}, abstract = {The Persian Gulf States (Bahrain. Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirate) have dominated the oil and gas sector since the discovery of oil in the region. They are the world largest producers of crude oil, producing about 35 and 25 percent of the world natural gas and crude oil respectively. The use of fossil fuels is directly linked to the release of CO2 into the environment. CO2 accounts for 58.8 percent of all greenhouse gases released via human activities, consequently, presenting a malign impact on the environment through climate change, global warming, biodiversity, acid rain and desertification among others. Due to its importance, the data on CO2 emission obtained from US EIA from 1980 – 2010 was regressed using least square techniques and projections were made to the year 2050. Results indicated that each country’s p-value was less than 0.05 which implies that the models can be used for predicting CO2 emissions into the future. The data shows the emission of CO2 by countries from the highest to the lowest in 2016 as: Iran (590.72 Mtonnes; 7.58 tonnes of CO2/person) > Saudi Arabia (471.82 Mtonnes; 18 tonnes of CO2/person) > UAE (218.58 Mtonnes; 41.31 tonnes of CO2/person) > Iraq (114.01 Mtonees; 3.71 tonnes of CO2/person) > Kuwait (92.58 Mtonnes; 36.31 tonnes of CO2/person) > Qatar (68.26 Mtonnes; 37 tonnes of CO2/person) > Bahrain (33.16 Mtonnes; 27.5 tonnes of CO2/person)". The sequence from the country with highest emission (Iran) to the country with lowest emission (Bahrain) will remain the same until 2050. A projection depicting a 7.7 percent yearly increase in CO2 emission in the Persian Gulf States.}, keywords = {CO2emission,Least square technique,Persian Gulf Countries,Prediction Regression}, url = {https://www.gjesm.net/article_22611.html}, eprint = {https://www.gjesm.net/article_22611_1e3113ef52148dda104acf69eff63a61.pdf} } @article { author = {Pelitli, V. and Doğan, Ö. and Köroğlu, H.J.}, title = {Waste oil management: Analyses of waste oils from vehicle crankcases and gearboxes}, journal = {Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {11-20}, year = {2017}, publisher = {GJESM Publisher (Professor J. Nouri)}, issn = {2383-3572}, eissn = {2383-3866}, doi = {10.22034/gjesm.2017.03.01.002}, abstract = {In accordance with waste strategy for Turkey, the study was carried out to analyses waste engine crankcase oils and waste gearbox oils generated from vehicle maintenance services in order to determine their suitability for recycling, recovery or final disposal based on regulation published by Turkish Ministry of Environment and Forestry on 21 January 2004. The regulation requires all waste oil neither abandoned nor released into the environment and all batches must be analyzed for arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, chlorine, total halogens, polychlorinated biphenyls, and flash points. The content analysis showed that the heavy metal concentrations in waste engine crankcase oils were varied considerably, between the metals analyzed, lead the highest is followed by chromium, arsenic and cadmium. In addition, higher amount of chlorine and total halogens, were detected in some samples, while polychlorinated biphenyls concentrations remained below regulatory limits for all samples. The analyses revealed that waste engine crankcase oils from fifteen to thirty five years old vehicles contained chromium, lead, chlorine and total halogens levels above legal limits set by Ministry of Environment and Forestry for recycling. Conversely, in comparison to the findings from the analyzed series of old vehicles, the waste engine crankcase oils samples from new vehicles and all waste gearbox oils are eligible for recycling.}, keywords = {Conservation,Hazardous waste,Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB),Recycling,Total halogens (TX),Waste engine crankcase oils (WCO),Waste gearbox oils (WGO),Waste management,Waste oils}, url = {https://www.gjesm.net/article_22148.html}, eprint = {https://www.gjesm.net/article_22148_03e030d8c64c45fd18a362bc6f9d017c.pdf} } @article { author = {Noorabadi, S. and Nazemi, A.H. and Sadraddini, A.A. and Delirhasannia, R.}, title = {Laboratory investigation of water extraction effects on saltwater wedge displacement}, journal = {Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {21-32}, year = {2017}, publisher = {GJESM Publisher (Professor J. Nouri)}, issn = {2383-3572}, eissn = {2383-3866}, doi = {10.22034/gjesm.2017.03.01.003}, abstract = {There is a close connection between saltwater intrusion into aquifers and groundwater extraction. Freshwater extraction in coastal aquifers is one of the most important reasons for the saltwater intrusion into these aquifers. Condition of extraction system such as well depth, discharge rate, saltwater concentration and etc. could affect this process widely. Thus, investigating different extraction conditions comprises many management advantages.  In the present study, the effects of freshwater extraction on saltwater interface displacement have been investigated in a laboratory box. Three different well depths (H) were considered with combinations of 3 different extraction rates (Q) and 3 saltwater concentrations (C) for detailed investigation of the effects of these factors variations on saltwater displacement. SEAWAT model has been used to simulate all the scenarios to numerically study of the process. The experimental and numerical results showed that when the C and Q rates were small and the well depth was shallow, the saltwater interface wouldn’t reach the extraction well, so the extracted water remained uncontaminated. When the C and Q rates were increased and the well was deepened, the salinity of the extracted water became higher. When the Q and C rates were high enough, in the shallow well depth, the final concentration of the extracted water was low but a huge part of the porous media was contaminated by the saltwater, furthermore when the well was deepened enough, the final concentration of the extracted water was increased but a small part of the porous media was contaminated by the saltwater. Finally, the results showed that when the Q and H rates were high enough, the extraction well behaved like a barrier and didn’t allow the advancing saltwater wedge toe to be intruded beyond the wells.}, keywords = {Extraction rate,interface,Laboratory box,Saltwater concentration,SEAWAT,Well depth}, url = {https://www.gjesm.net/article_22635.html}, eprint = {https://www.gjesm.net/article_22635_2353b1ff94816c5ab5e642bf701dae45.pdf} } @article { author = {Pazoki, M. and Hasanidarabadi, B.}, title = {Management of toxic and hazardous contents of oil sludge in Siri Island}, journal = {Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {33-42}, year = {2017}, publisher = {GJESM Publisher (Professor J. Nouri)}, issn = {2383-3572}, eissn = {2383-3866}, doi = {10.22034/gjesm.2017.03.01.004}, abstract = {Sirri Island is one of the most important islands in Iran where contains massive amounts of crude oil reservoirs and is a crude oil exporting and storage spot. Petroleum sludge wastes produced by the refineries are deposited in outdoor 2-ha open pits. 30 sludge samples from different depot locations were conducted in 3-time intervals and mixed with each other to form one homogenized sample. The sample was treated by solvent extraction method using methyl ethyl ketone as an efficient polar solvent in order to recover the valuable hydrocarbon and oil. About 99.8% of the oil was recovered and determined to reach almost the same quality as the exportable crude oil of Sirri Island. The sediments were also tested for size distribution range and titled as fine-grained soil. Toxicity characteristics leaching procedure test was conducted on the residuals to determine whether the waste is categorized as toxic and hazardous. The industrial waste evaluation model used in the current work suggested different leachate concentrations (10%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 90% of total leachate) based on toxicity characteristics leaching procedure for different probable leaching scenarios. The surface and subsurface regional conditions such as depth to underground water table, climate condition, subsurface pH, soil texture and material were defined to the model as well. Then, the model simulated 10000 possible runs considering the leaching procedure, contaminant concentrations, maximum contaminant limits and surface and sub-surface conditions. The final outcomes regarding heavy metals results showed that nickel, chromium and vanadium were protective under composite liner while cobalt and lead were not safe under such liner and need proper treatment before landfilling. As the final step, the size and details of landfill were designed. The landfill was selected as a square with side and depth of 55m and 3m respectively. The composite liner consisted of 1.5mm high density polyethylene layer with 50cm compacted clay liner of 10-7 cm/s hydraulic conductivity underneath.}, keywords = {heavy metals,Industrial waste management evaluation model (IMEM),Linear,Maximum contaminant level (MCL),Petroleum sludge,Toxic and hazardous management,Toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP)}, url = {https://www.gjesm.net/article_21328.html}, eprint = {https://www.gjesm.net/article_21328_d68dff1a9d7d6e0615ac209b5a05af07.pdf} } @article { author = {Daramola, O. and Odunsi, O.}, title = {Determinants of students perceived manmade environmental hazards and risks in tertiary educational institutions}, journal = {Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {43-50}, year = {2017}, publisher = {GJESM Publisher (Professor J. Nouri)}, issn = {2383-3572}, eissn = {2383-3866}, doi = {10.22034/gjesm.2017.03.01.005}, abstract = {Environmental hazards caused by living conditions and human behaviour in residential areas are types of manmade hazards which have rarely been studied and documented in literature. Available studies that had considered theconventional residential environment had proved that residents’ perception were influenced by human and environmental factors. With focus on educational institutions, this paper assessed the determinants of students’ perception of environmental hazards and risks on campus environment. Using probability sampling technique, data were obtained through administration of questionnaire on 367 students of university, polytechnic and college of education in Oyo State. The data collected were analysed using inferential statistics. Findings revealed three broad factors which are socioeconomic background, sanitation behaviour and availability of environmental amenities. It was concluded that environmental amenities influenced students’ perception of environmental hazards and risks the most with a regression coefficient (β) of -0.373 compared with sanitation behaviour (β = 0.311) and socioeconomic background (β = 0.123). The appropriate authorities could therefore improve on maintenance of existing environmental amenities and/or provision of new ones in the educational institutions.}, keywords = {Environmental amenities,Environmental hazards,Sanitation behaviour,Socioeconomic characteristics,Students perception,Tertiary educational centres}, url = {https://www.gjesm.net/article_21915.html}, eprint = {https://www.gjesm.net/article_21915_977f6c5b384ff9f6dd37e77704a235fb.pdf} } @article { author = {Solaymani, S.}, title = {Carbon and energy taxes in a small and open country}, journal = {Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {51-62}, year = {2017}, publisher = {GJESM Publisher (Professor J. Nouri)}, issn = {2383-3572}, eissn = {2383-3866}, doi = {10.22034/gjesm.2017.03.01.006}, abstract = {Malaysia, as a small and developing country, must reduce carbon emissions because the country is one of the top CO2-emitting countries in the ASEAN region. Therefore, the current study implements two environmental tax policies; carbon and energy taxes, in order to examine the impacts of these policies on the reduction of carbon emission in the whole of the economy by applying a computable general equilibrium model. Since the whole of the government revenue from these tax policies is transferred to all household and labor types through two schemes, a lump sum tax, and a labor tax, respectively, it is assumed that there is revenue neutrality in the model for the government. The findings from simulated scenarios indicate that the carbon tax policy is the more efficient policy for reducing CO2 emission, in both transferring schemes, while its impact on macroeconomic variables is almost lower than the equivalent energy tax. The carbon tax is more effective than the energy tax for Malaysia to achieve 40% carbon reduction target in comparison with its 2005 level. The carbon tax, compared to the energy tax, also leads to more decrease in consumption of fossil fuels. The carbon tax policy, in comparison with the energy tax, due to revenue recycling causes much more increase in the welfare of rural and urban households in Malaysia, especially the welfare of rural (lower income) households.}, keywords = {Carbon tax,CO2 emission,Computable general equilibrium (CGE),Energy tax,Greenhouse gases,Revenue recycling}, url = {https://www.gjesm.net/article_22184.html}, eprint = {https://www.gjesm.net/article_22184_07b8bc8980083452e5ea07039d87ae5f.pdf} } @article { author = {Aribal, L.G. and Bonggay, J.G. and Fernando, E.S.}, title = {Leaf size indices and structure of the peat swamp forest}, journal = {Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {63-74}, year = {2017}, publisher = {GJESM Publisher (Professor J. Nouri)}, issn = {2383-3572}, eissn = {2383-3866}, doi = {10.22034/gjesm.2017.03.01.007}, abstract = {Leaf size indices of the tree species in the peatland of Agusan del Sur in Mindanao in Philippines was examined to deduce the variation of forest structure and observed forest zonation.  Using raunkiaer and webb’s leaf size classification, the leaf morphometrics of seven tree species consistently found on the established sampling plots were determined.  The species includes Ternstroemia philippinensis Merr., Polyscias aherniana Merr. Lowry and G.M. Plunkett, Calophyllum sclerophyllum Vesque, Fagraea racemosa Jack, Ilex cymosa Blume, Syzygium tenuirame (Miq.) Merr. and Tristaniopsis micrantha Merr. Peter G.Wilson and J.T.Waterh.The LSI were correlated against the variables of the peat physico-chemical properties (such as bulk density, acrotelm thickness, peat depth, total organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, pH); water (pH, ammonium, nitrate, phosphate); and leaf tissue elements (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium).  Result showed a decreasing leaf size indices and a three leaf size category consisting of mesophyllous, mesophyllous-notophyllous and microphyllous were observed which corresponds to the structure of vegetation i.e., from the tall-pole forest having the biggest average leaf area of 6,142.29 mm2 to the pygmy forest with average leaf area of 1,670.10 mm2.  Such decreased leaf size indices were strongly correlated to soil nitrogen, acrotelm thickness, peat depth, phosphate in water, nitrogen and phosphorus in the plant tissue.}, keywords = {Acrotelm,Peat swamp forest,Forest structure,Leaf size classification,Leaf size indices (LPI)}, url = {https://www.gjesm.net/article_22279.html}, eprint = {https://www.gjesm.net/article_22279_cf1ffc1ca8cfbf9ae6c265d44a95e057.pdf} } @article { author = {Dalir, F. and Shafiepour Motlagh, M. and Ashrafi, K.}, title = {Sensitivity analysis of parameters affecting carbon footprint of fossil fuel power plants based on life cycle assessment scenarios}, journal = {Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {75-88}, year = {2017}, publisher = {GJESM Publisher (Professor J. Nouri)}, issn = {2383-3572}, eissn = {2383-3866}, doi = {10.22034/gjesm.2017.03.01.008}, abstract = {In this study a pseudo comprehensive carbon footprint model for fossil fuel power plants is presented. Parameters which their effects are considered in this study include: plant type, fuel type, fuel transmission type, internal consumption of the plant, degradation, site ambient condition, transmission and distribution losses. Investigating internal consumption, degradation and site ambient condition effect on carbon footprint assessment of fossil fuel power plant is the specific feature of the proposed model. To evaluate the model, a sensitivity analysis is performed under different scenarios covering all possible choices for investigated parameters. The results show that carbon footprint of fossil fuel electrical energy that is produced, transmitted and distributed, varies from 321 g CO2 eq/kWh to 980 g CO2 equivalent /kWh. Carbon footprint of combined cycle with natural gas as main fuel is the minimum carbon footprint. Other factors can also cause indicative variation. Fuel type causes a variation of 28%. Ambient condition may change the result up to 13%. Transmission makes the carbon footprint larger by 4%. Internal consumption and degradation influence the result by 2 and 2.5%, respectively. Therefore, to minimize the carbon footprint of fossil fuel electricity, it is recommended to construct natural gas ignited combined cycles in low lands where the temperature is low and relative humidity is high. And the internal consumption is as least as possible and the maintenance and overhaul is as regular as possible.}, keywords = {Carbon footprint,Life cycle assessment (LCA),Modeling,Power plant,Sensitivity}, url = {https://www.gjesm.net/article_22600.html}, eprint = {https://www.gjesm.net/article_22600_1a63570bd9046f1cc92ca2ba80687297.pdf} } @article { author = {Sepehr, M. and Fatemi, S.M.R. and Danehkar, A. and Mashinchian Moradi, A.}, title = {Application of Delphi method in site selection of desalination plants}, journal = {Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {89-102}, year = {2017}, publisher = {GJESM Publisher (Professor J. Nouri)}, issn = {2383-3572}, eissn = {2383-3866}, doi = {10.22034/gjesm.2017.03.01.009}, abstract = {Given the reduced freshwater supplies across the world, seawater desalination is one of the appropriate methods available for producing freshwater. Selecting an optimal location is crucial in the installation of these plants owing to the environmental problems they cause. The present study was conducted to identify optimal locations for installing desalination Plants in the coastal areas of southern Iran (Hormozgan Province) with application of Delphi method. To implement this technique and identify, screen and prioritize effective criteria and sub-criteria, ten experts were surveyed through questionnaires and eight criteria and 18 sub-criteria were identified. All these sub-criteria were evaluated and classified in ArcGIS into five classes as input layers. The maps were then integrated based on the modulation importance coefficient and the identified priorities using a linear Delphi model and the final map was reclassified into five categories. Environmentally sensitive areas and seawater quality were respectively the criterion and sub-criterion that received the highest importance. After combining the layers and obtaining the final map, 63 locations were identified for installing desalination plants in the coastal areas on the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea in Hormozgan Province.  At the end, 27 locations were high important and had optimal environmental conditions for establishing desalination plants. Of the 27 locations, six were located in the coastal area of the Oman Sea, one in the coastal area of the Strait of Hormuz and 20 others in the coastal area of the Persian Gulf.}, keywords = {Delphi method,Desalination,Oman Sea,Persian Gulf,Site Selection}, url = {https://www.gjesm.net/article_22215.html}, eprint = {https://www.gjesm.net/article_22215_f90d51849127a273a1c6191dbd17b510.pdf} } @article { author = {Oglanis, A. and Loizidou, M.}, title = {Study of environmental management systems on defence}, journal = {Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {103-120}, year = {2017}, publisher = {GJESM Publisher (Professor J. Nouri)}, issn = {2383-3572}, eissn = {2383-3866}, doi = {10.22034/gjesm.2017.03.01.010}, abstract = {The effective and sustainable environmental performance of a business is a result of various factors and most important the integrated outcome of the environmental management. Likewise, the integration of environmental protection into the armed forces functions has also gain interest for the military sector internationally. Therefore, the environmental management system (EMS) is recognized as one of the most widely used tools. This study provides a review on environmental management issues related to the military activities and their assessment globally. The multitasking characteristics of the defence sector result in the need for the eco-friendly related issues to be directed in a holistic and integrated way, with the help of a certified environmental management system. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) itself and NATO countries, like USA, UK, Canada, Holland, Denmark, Czech Republic, Greece, as well as non-NATO countries like Sweden and Australia have an environmental management system structure in place to assist military environmental management and studies reveal that the armed forces could anticipate positive outcomes from environmental management system. A case-by-case approach, of the above, is examined and based on the results, appropriate recommendations are presented, which may contribute to the environmental management system considerations as the most important tool for effective management framework and most importantly to evaluate its effectiveness as a structure for the defence sector’s activities.}, keywords = {Armed Forces,Defence,Environmental management system (EMS),environmental protection,military,North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)}, url = {https://www.gjesm.net/article_22341.html}, eprint = {https://www.gjesm.net/article_22341_17ef6e5db4e0b4de10c7b27a4f8d7544.pdf} }