ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
Environmental Engineering
T. Handayani; I.N. Djarot; N. Widyastuti; F.D. Arianti; A. Rifai; A.I. Sitomurni; M.M.A. Nur; R.N. Dewi; N. Nuha; J. Haryanti; D. Pinardi; Y. Suryana; A. Aziz; E. Syamsudin; T. Rochmadi; P.A. Lomak; A. Hadi; M.D. Pertiwi; E. Yuniastuti; N.A. Putri
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: During this energy transition, research is being done to develop sustainable ways to support the shift to a decarbonized energy and production system. These ways include using renewable energy sources to promote circularity in products, green technologies, and safer procedures. ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: During this energy transition, research is being done to develop sustainable ways to support the shift to a decarbonized energy and production system. These ways include using renewable energy sources to promote circularity in products, green technologies, and safer procedures. Anaerobic digestion of palm oil mill effluent is a beneficial process for generating biogas, while the waste can also be utilized as fertilizer. The biogas can be further refined into biomethane, a valuable resource commonly used in transportation and power generation. The objective of this study is to examine the enhancement of biogas from Palm oil mill effluent and the elimination of sludge nutrients by utilizing microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. The microalgae will be cultivated in a modified photobioreactor to enhance the capture of carbon dioxide.METHODS: The study utilized anaerobic batch reactor digesters. A modified photobioreactor, consisting of two columns separated by a membrane, was developed for the technological advancement of biogas upgrading, specifically for carbon dioxide capture and biogas upgrading. A technological gap in biogas upgrade technology innovation is filled by the improved photobioreactor. To optimize the bio-fixation of carbon dioxide from flue gas, it is essential to carefully select a suitable strain of microalgae that possesses both a strong ability to absorb carbon dioxide and a high tolerance to varying concentrations of this gas. By choosing the right strain, the efficiency of carbon dioxide removal can be significantly enhanced. Since Chlorella vulgaris microalgae have demonstrated this potential, they were chosen for this investigation. Microalgae also play a role in removing nutrients contained in the sludge. FINDINGS: Numerous chemical and biological methods have been used to upgrade biogas. Results of biological upgrading of biogas from palm oil mill effluent have been reported, with carbon dioxide removal reaching 89 percent until the methane concentration of the biogas is upgraded to 84 percent. The highest biomass of 1,835 grams per liter was achieved by culturing the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris in laboratory-scale photobioreactors. In this study, the application of 15 percent volume per volume biogas with an optical density of 0.4 was found to be optimal for the growth of the microalgae. The cultivation period lasted for 14 days. The peak biomass production was observed due to the achievement of a remarkable 98 volume per volume efficiency in carbon dioxide removal, which subsequently led to a significant rise in methane content, reaching 60 percent. The enhanced biogas achieved a peak methane content of 98 percent, indicating a significant improvement in quality.CONCLUSION: The findings of this study, conducted using a modified photobioreactor, indicate that Chlorella vulgaris demonstrated high efficacy in the removal of carbon dioxide, with a rate of up to 90 percent. Additionally, it exhibited remarkable performance in upgrading biogas derived from palm oil mill effluent, achieving a conversion rate of up to 98 percent. The optical density of microalgae at 0.4 played a crucial role in these processes. Furthermore, Chlorella vulgaris showcased its ability to effectively eliminate nutrient nitrogen, reaching a removal rate of 90 percent at an optical density of 0.2. Moreover, it demonstrated a phosphate removal rate of 80 percent at an optical density of 0.4.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
Environmental Engineering
B. Baranitharan; D. Sivakumar; M. Perarul Selvan
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Overusing renewable resources for various purposes is making it necessary to use fewer non-renewable ones to generate energy. Finding alternative renewable energy sources is essential for energy production. This study concentrated on using wind direction and speed to produce ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Overusing renewable resources for various purposes is making it necessary to use fewer non-renewable ones to generate energy. Finding alternative renewable energy sources is essential for energy production. This study concentrated on using wind direction and speed to produce wind energy among renewable energy sources. Data on wind direction and speed were statistically analyzed to determine the current distribution pattern, which is then used to project the amount of wind energy that will be available in the future.METHODS: This study concentrated on choosing wind direction and speed to minimize the potential for current electricity generation from wind turbines, using data collected between 1981 and 2023. The wind speed and direction distribution pattern was assessed through the Weibull distribution, beta distribution, and three-parameter Weibull distribution. The Anderson-Darling test and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test were employed in this study to determine the goodness-of-fit of a specific distribution. The forecasting analysis was expanded from 2024 to 2050 based on the three-parameter Weibull distribution and Anderson-Darling test results for future sustainable wind energy production.FINDINGS: The average wind speed was found to be 6.51 meters per second, with a standard deviation of 0.280 meters per second between 1981 and 2023. The wind direction varied between a minimum of 3.56 and a maximum of 356.44 degrees for the same duration. The study discovered that the three-parameter Weibull distribution caused less error in the wind speed data distribution pattern than both the Weibull distribution and beta distribution, based on the results of the Anderson-Darling and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests. From both the tests on Weibull distribution, beta distribution, and three-parameter Weibull distribution, this study found that the Anderson-Darling test was the most appropriate for forecasting the wind speed corresponding to the wind direction for the periods between 2024 and 2050 to produce sustainable wind energy from the wind turbine.CONCLUSION: The outcomes of this study demonstrate that there is a good likelihood that the parameter Weibull distribution and Anderson-Darling test will be used in other nations to aid in the complementary integration of wind energy. This research has the potential to significantly reduce the amount of environmentally hazardous energy sources used to meet societal requirements. This study offers a trustworthy technique for assessing wind direction and speed, which helps design sustainable wind power plants, construct engineering curricula, and estimate clean, environmentally friendly energy sources.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
Environmental Engineering
M. Iqhrammullah; S. Saudah; M. Monalisa; F. Fahrurrozi; S.A. Akbar; S.S. Lubis
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The presence of heavy metals, specifically cadmium, in the environment poses significant threats to both ecological systems and human health. However, microalgae have shown potential in addressing this issue through their ability to absorb cadmium and produce valuable biomass, ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The presence of heavy metals, specifically cadmium, in the environment poses significant threats to both ecological systems and human health. However, microalgae have shown potential in addressing this issue through their ability to absorb cadmium and produce valuable biomass, making them a promising solution for bioremediation. Among the various microalgae species, Chlorella vulgaris stands out as a suitable candidate due to its potential for biodiesel production and its capacity to effectively absorb cadmium. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to assess the toxicity of cadmium on Chlorella vulgaris cells using network meta-analysis as a methodology.METHODS: A comprehensive search was conducted on Scopus, Scilit, Google Scholar, and Web of Science to identify relevant studies published from 1 January 1990 to 16 January 2024. Only studies that reported the cell number of Chlorella vulgaris as a result of cadmium exposure were considered for inclusion. The collected data were then subjected to Bayesian frequentist network meta-analysis, utilizing standardized mean difference and a 95 percent confidence interval as measures of effect size. Additionally, a linear regression analysis was performed to examine the dose-dependent impact of cadmium toxicity.FINDINGS: Dose-dependent toxic effects of cadmium on Chlorella vulgaris were evident (R-square of more than 0.90), particularly at a concentration of 1 part per million, deemed as the maximum tolerable threshold. Prolonged exposure revealed a concentration-dependent reduction in cell viability, suggesting potential lifespan shortening. A comparison of growth stimulants, gibberellic acid and brassinolide (standard means differences of 1.7 and 3.8, respectively), in mitigating cadmium toxicity indicated the latter superior effectiveness in sustaining microalgal survivability. The presence of high nitrogen and low phosphorous levels was found to be significantly associated with a reduction in Chlorella vulgaris cells due to cadmium exposure.CONCLUSION: This research has provided conclusive proof of the harmful effects of cadmium on Chlorella vulgaris through the implementation of Bayesian frequentist network meta-analysis, offering valuable insights for environmental management practices. The findings reveal concentration-dependent effects of cadmium toxicity. The survivability of Chlorella vulgaris is determined by the compositions of macronutrients nitrogen and phosphorous. Comparative analyses highlight the superior protective effect of brassinolide over gibberellic acid in mitigating cadmium toxicity. Overall, the findings highlight the potential of Chlorella vulgaris in both bioremediation of heavy metals and biomass production.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
Environmental Management
D. Frianto; E. Sutrisno; A. Wahyudi; E. Novriyanti; W.C. Adinugroho; A.S. Yunianto; H. Kurniawan; H. Khotimah; A. Windyoningrum; I.W.S. Dharmawan; H.L. Tata; S. Suharti; H.H. Rachmat; E.M. Lim
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Efforts to enhance carbon stocks and boost carbon absorption potential are essential for climate change mitigation. Peatland ecosystems, known for their high organic content, are particularly vulnerable to environmental management. The study aimed to examine the alterations ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Efforts to enhance carbon stocks and boost carbon absorption potential are essential for climate change mitigation. Peatland ecosystems, known for their high organic content, are particularly vulnerable to environmental management. The study aimed to examine the alterations in land use and land cover that occurred between 1998 and 2022, spanning a 24-year duration. Additionally, it sought to assess the associated variations in carbon stocks within the designated Kepau Jaya specific purpose forest area. The area under investigation encompasses a peatland ecosystem that has experienced substantial changes in land cover and land use. This study investigated the fluctuations in carbon stock caused by these alterations and provides valuable perspectives on the potential of agroforestry systems to promote a wider range of land uses. Additionally, it highlights their role in ecosystem restoration initiatives and the better management of forest peatland regions.METHODS: A spatial analysis was conducted on Landsat 5 and 8 satellite images by using shapefile data stored within the Google Earth Engine platform. Data analysis was carried out using Classification and Regression Tree, a decision tree algorithm used in machine learning for guided classification. Furthermore, purposive sampling was utilized to gather socioeconomic data, followed by the implementation of a benefit-cost analysis.FINDINGS: The results revealed significant changes in the land cover within the Kepau Jaya specific purpose forest area over a 24-year period, with forested areas and open areas decreasing by 23.15 hectares per year and 16.94 hectares per year respectively, and oil palm plantation areas expanding by 40.10 hectares per year. From 1998 to 2022, there has been a consistent annual decline in carbon stocks, resulting in a reduction of 1,933.11 tons of carbon per year. The changes in land use and cover are closely linked to this decline. In an effort to increase plant species diversity in the area and support the gradual transition away from monoculture, a participatory agroforestry scheme was implemented by intercropping Coffea liberica and Shorea balangeran between oil palm rows in a 2-hectare oil palm plantation block within the agroforestry demonstration plot. According to measurements taken at breast height, the aboveground biomass of these species was measured, leading to projected estimates of carbon stocks in Kepau Jaya specific purpose forest area reaching 19,455 tonnes of carbon by the year 2030, with Coffea liberica contributing 4,148 tonnes carbon and Shorea balangeran contributing 15,307 tonnes carbon. CONCLUSION: The study area experienced a substantial reduction in forest cover, whereas the extent of oil palm areas expanded significantly. The findings underscore the need for proactive measures to strengthen the governance of specific-purpose forest areas through community empowerment and the establishment of demonstration plots to promote agroforestry development. The results of this study provide insights for long-term forest rehabilitation strategies aimed at fostering sustainable forest management that yields environmental and socio-economic benefits in the long run.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
Environmental Engineering
P. Periadnadi; N. Nurmiati; F.W. Siregar; T.W. Edelwis
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Lipid-degrading bacteria found in processing ponds of palm oil mill effluent are recognized for the capacity to break down lipid using lipase enzyme. Identifying novel strains of these bacteria with high bioremediation potential contributes valuable insights to the sustainable ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Lipid-degrading bacteria found in processing ponds of palm oil mill effluent are recognized for the capacity to break down lipid using lipase enzyme. Identifying novel strains of these bacteria with high bioremediation potential contributes valuable insights to the sustainable management of palm oil mill effluent. Therefore, this study aimed to identify potential bacteria, assess the in vitro lipid-degrading capabilities, characterize the traits, and evaluate lipid degradation activity of potential isolates from palm oil industry wastewater.METHODS: The method used for exploring the potential of lipid-degrading bacteria in palm oil mill effluent entailed a survey comprising various stages including detection of bacteria presence, in vitro assessment of potential indices, characterization, lipid degradation testing, and determination of lipase activity.FINDINGS: The results showed that several bacteria groups were present in palm oil mill effluent, including 50-74 percent lipolytic, 31-90 percent fermentative, 76-83 percent proteolytic, and 51-74 percent cellulolytic. Selected lipid-degrading isolates demonstrated significant in vitro potential, as evidenced by high lipolytic and fermentative indices. Isolate Enzymatic 3 had the highest lipolytic index, degradation value (48.72 percent), and lipase activity (0.12 units/milliliter), identified as Bacillus cereus central carbon metabolism 2010. Similarly, isolate Fermentative 2 was found to have the highest fermentative index, degradation value (22.35 percent), and lipase activity (0.01 units/milliliter), identified as Bacillus thuringiensis American type culture collection 10792.CONCLUSION: Based on the results, isolates Enzymatic 3 and Fermentative 2 showed promising potential as biological agents for bioremediation of palm oil mill effluent. The results underscored the promising potential of specific bacteria isolates in mitigating lipid-rich effluents, advocating for the integration into sustainable wastewater management practices in palm oil industry. This study provided valuable insights for future investigations aimed at unraveling the intricate mechanisms governing lipid degradation and fostering environmentally friendly solutions for industrial waste management.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
Environmental Management
C.D.A. Depari
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The persistence of colonial controls in present-day forest management has long been recognized as a potential threat to the resilience of social-ecological systems. These controls have created barriers that disconnect individuals from their land and diminish the forest diversity. ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The persistence of colonial controls in present-day forest management has long been recognized as a potential threat to the resilience of social-ecological systems. These controls have created barriers that disconnect individuals from their land and diminish the forest diversity. In Mount Merapi, this maladaptation is manifested through the long-tailed macaque’s invasion of farmlands, triggered by the state’s failure to reforest the targeted 480 ha of damaged land after the 2010 eruption. This study aims to qualitatively interrogate factors that are hindering the swift restoration of Mount Merapi's social-ecological systems. This will be achieved by investigating the intricate dynamics of the area over various time frames, utilizing the panarchy framework developed by Holling and Gunderson. The framework is well-known for its capacity to facilitate a holistic understanding of social-ecological systems but is also intrinsically ambiguous to capture the complexity. The study’s novelty lies in its adoption of Boyer’s refined panarchy models and Boonstra and De Boer’s systematic analysis to address the methodological concern toward a better understanding of social-ecological systems.METHODS: This study utilizes various techniques for data collection, including semi-structured interviews, literature reviews, and field observations. The interviews involved informants who were selected through purposive sampling and focused on exploring Boyer's panarchy characteristics. In order to ensure the reliability of the data, triangulation was conducted prior to the development of panarchy models.FINDINGS: The findings indicate that the strict forest controls embedded in the state’s forest management since the colonial periods had created rigidity and poverty traps. The concept of the rigidity trap pertains to a reforestation strategy that utilized laborers and territories for ecological conservation, restricted local communities from utilizing forests, and diminished biodiversity by favoring the introduction of non-native Acacia decurrens.CONCLUSION: To address traps, this study recommends the need to use a panarchy approach that facilitates a comprehensive understanding of social-ecological systems and to transfer governance to local people which must be based on an in-depth understanding of the local history, knowledge, and cultures.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
Environmental Engineering
E. Riani; N.A. Butet; M. Ansori; M.R. Cordova
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cinangka Village in Bogor Regency is a traditional used battery recycling center in West Java, Indonesia. The smelting process was operated in open space, but because of adverse impacts, it has ceased since 2010. This activity generated a large amount of solid waste, categorized ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cinangka Village in Bogor Regency is a traditional used battery recycling center in West Java, Indonesia. The smelting process was operated in open space, but because of adverse impacts, it has ceased since 2010. This activity generated a large amount of solid waste, categorized as hazardous and toxic materials, thereby polluting the air, land, and water. Because an area of Cinangka Village has been converted into a fishing pond, it is necessary to investigate whether the fish that live in this pond are accumulating heavy metals, thereby threatening and harming humans as consumers. This research is important for the innovative remediation of land contaminated with used battery smelting waste.METHODS: Analysis of lead, zinc, arsenic, and iron levels in water, sediment, fish, and aquatic plants, as well as histomorphology analysis of several fish organs, was performed. The safety aspect of consuming fish originating from this location was also calculated. For the used battery recycling area, lead and iron contaminate the environment in the highest concentrations, while arsenic and zinc are always detected but in low concentrations.FINDINGS: The results showed that sediment and water around the pond, previously a burning area of used battery smelting but 12 years after cessation, are polluted by heavy metals, not only lead, zinc, arsenic, and iron. Other metals are present because lead and lead oxide plates are impure and associated with other minerals. According to the lead concentration, the soil/sediment is still categorized as hazardous and toxic material and becomes a pollutant for the ecosystem. Water hyacinth plants that live in ponds are densely cultivated and contaminated with heavy metals. They can become heavy metal phytoremediators on the land where traditional used battery burning was performed. Goldfish from this area are contaminated with high levels of heavy metals and are unfortunately unsafe for consumption because zinc is perilous. Adults are only allowed 3 grams per week, while children may not consume goldfish from this fishing pond. Contaminating heavy metals also cause various damage to fish organs, namely, edema in the kidneys, melano-macrophage centers in the spleen and liver, edema and hyperplasia in the epithelial gills, and fatty degeneration in the liver and its lysed ovary cells.CONCLUSION: Consequently, land in Cinangka Village is still categorized as hazardous, and toxic waste and should not be converted into a fishing pond because the soil is a point source of pollution that contaminates fish with high concentrations of heavy metals and damages their organs. Consuming these goldfish will harm health and thus is prohibited for children. Cleaning and remediation of the environment is necessary and must cover the entire area. Meanwhile, water hyacinth plants can be used as phytoremediators in freshwater ponds to reduce heavy metals
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
Environmental Management
F. Abdul; R.F. Rahman; K.A. Purwanto; F.I. Ma'ruf; Y. Setiyorini; V.A. Setyowati; S. Pintowantoro
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The nickel processing industry has always been related with the issue of carbón dioxide emission. The production of carbon dioxide occurs at different phases of nickel processing, from pretreatment to smelting and refining. In addition to offgas, the nickel processing ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The nickel processing industry has always been related with the issue of carbón dioxide emission. The production of carbon dioxide occurs at different phases of nickel processing, from pretreatment to smelting and refining. In addition to offgas, the nickel processing sector also produces solid waste known as slag, which is a byproduct of both smelting and refining processes. One of the slags in the nickel industry is known to contain iron, which is dominant compared to other elements. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the process of carbon dioxide capture by utilizing iron-rich slag derived from the nickel processing industry. The aim is to assess the feasibility of applying iron-rich slag from nickel smelters in the solid carbonation gas process for carbon dioxide capture, focusing on chemical reactions and overall kinetics.METHODS: The iron-rich slag analyzed in this study contains a significant amount of iron oxide. It is theoretically anticipated that the iron oxide content in iron-rich slag could potentially sequester carbon dioxide. The study commenced by preparing the materials, undergoing the carbonation process, and then conducting various characterizations including X-ray diffractometer analysis and thermal gravimetric analysis. Additionally, calculations were performed to determine the percentage of carbon dioxide in the sample and the efficiency of carbonation. The kinetics analysis was also carried out using several models, such as mass transport, chemical reaction, and diffusion-controlled model to estimate the carbón dioxide capture mechanism that occurs.FINDING: The carbon dioxide capture capacity of the iron-rich slag from the ferronickel industry is somewhat limited, albeit still relatively modest. Iron-rich slag was effectively utilized to capture carbon dioxide after thorough analysis. After undergoing a carbonation process for a duration of 4 hours, the percentage of carbon dioxide in the slag witnessed a significant increase, rising from an initial value of 0.28 percent to 1.12 percent. The capture of carbón dioxide gas is due to the reaction between silicate with carbón dioxide gas and water vapor to form siderite. The iron-rich slag operates under the diffusion-controlled model when it comes to capturing carbon dioxide.CONCLUSION: Iron-rich slag is reported to capture carbón dioxide at 175 degrees celsius with carbón dioxide and water vapor condition, which is proven both from thermodynamic calculations and experiments. Iron(II) carbonate is a carbonate compound generated by the carbón dioxide capture reaction by iron-rich slag. However, the stability of iron(II) carbonate in carbón dioxide and water vapor atmosphere is something that needs to be considered in future research. Further investigation can be conducted in the future to explore the potential of utilizing iron-rich slag for capturing carbon dioxide gas, building upon the findings of this preliminary study.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
Environmental Science
Purwantoro .; R.D. Purwaningrahayu; H. Kuntyastuti; A. Harsono; N. Nuryati; A. Sulistyo; Z. Yursak; R. Soehendi; Trustinah .; H. Kuswantoro; M.J. Mejaya; D. Harnowo
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The cultivation of soybeans in Indonesia frequently encounters challenges related to water saturation and drought, which ultimately leads to reduced productivity. The objective of this study was to determine how various soybean varieties react to waterlogging and drought in ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The cultivation of soybeans in Indonesia frequently encounters challenges related to water saturation and drought, which ultimately leads to reduced productivity. The objective of this study was to determine how various soybean varieties react to waterlogging and drought in order to identify soybean cultivars that exhibit tolerance to both types of stressors.
METHODS: The study was conducted at the greenhouse of the Indonesian Legumes and Tuber Crops Research Institute, spanning from June to August 2022. A factorial randomized block design was employed, utilizing pots as the experimental units, with three replicates. The first factor is the availability of groundwater, namely optimal water available (field capacity), 40 percent of field capacity (drought stress), and water-saturated soil (waterlogging stress). The soybean variety is the second factor to consider, which includes Dering 1 (known for its drought tolerance), Dering 2 (also drought tolerant), Deja 1 (tolerant to water saturation), Deja 2 (also tolerant to water saturation), Devon 1 (noted for its high isoflavone content), and Dega 1 (specifically adapted for irrigated lowland conditions).
FINDINGS: The results showed that Dering 2 and Deja 2 varieties grown in soil moisture levels at 40 percent field capacity were capable of achieving similar growth outcomes in terms of plant height, shoot/root ratio, number of pods per plant, seed yield, and 100 seed weight compared to those grown in optimal soil moisture conditions. The stress tolerance index of the two varieties in the soil moisture at 40 percent of field capacity reached 1.03 and 0.83, respectively. The yields of Dering 2 and Deja 2 varieties at the optimal soil moisture reached 4.53 gram per plant and 6.28 gram per plant, and in soil moisture of 40 percent field capacity were 4.68 gram per plant and 5.69 gram per plant respectively. In flooded soil, the Dering 2 and Deja 1 varieties can develop the weight of 100 seeds, number of branches, and plant height as same as in optimal soil moisture, with relatively lower yield reduction compared to other varieties, with stress tolerance index values of 0.66 and 0.54.
CONCLUSION: The Dering 2 and Deja 2 cultivars exhibit tolerance to drought stress levels of up to 40 percent of field capacity, whereas the Dering 2 and Deja 1 cultivars demonstrate tolerance to water-saturated soil. A noteworthy finding is the identification of soybean cultivars capable of thriving in both drought and waterlogged environments, exemplified by the Dering 2 variety. Originally bred to combat drought-related challenges, the Dering 2 cultivar has shown promising results in waterlogged soil conditions as well. Similarly, the Deja 2 variety, which was designed and released for water-saturated environments, was found in this study to be tolerant of drought conditions.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
Environmental Science
A. Rakhmawati; B. Octavia; S. Marwati; D. Kristanti
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The utilization of disposable masks during and subsequent to the COVID-19 pandemic has led to the emergence of mask waste. The bacteria that thrive on mask waste have special characteristics. The objective of this research was to identify, choose, and analyze the bacteria present ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The utilization of disposable masks during and subsequent to the COVID-19 pandemic has led to the emergence of mask waste. The bacteria that thrive on mask waste have special characteristics. The objective of this research was to identify, choose, and analyze the bacteria present in discarded face masks at landfill sites (Piyungan, Yogyakarta and Jatibarang, Semarang), coastal areas (Tanjung Pasir, Tangerang, and Marina, Semarang), as well as mangrove forests (Teluk Naga, Tangerang, and Tirang, Semarang) situated in Java, Indonesia.METHODS: The bacterial isolation was performed using minimal salt medium. Bacterial isolates were screened in a minimal salt medium supplemented with three types of masks (black duckbill, blue medical, white Korean filter) as the sole carbon and energy source at the various potential of hydrogen levels (5, 7, 9), temperatures (10, 30, 50 degrees Celsius), and sodium chloride concentrations (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 percent). The bacterial strains with the highest optical density values across all treatments were determined through the sequencing of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene. These selected bacteria were then evaluated for their ability to produce biofilms under different potential of hydrogen and salt concentrations. The resistance to heavy metals (lead, copper, iron) and antibiotics (penicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, kanamycin) was also investigated.FINDINGS: A grand total of 183 bacterial strains were obtained, comprising 80 isolates from landfills, 47 isolates from beaches, and 56 isolates from mangroves. The selected bacteria identified as Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus sciuri, and Staphylococcus arlettae based on 16 svedberg ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene analysis. The chosen strains exhibited the capacity to generate biofilm across various potential of hydrogen and salinity conditions. Furthermore, these strains displayed resilience to heavy metals (such as lead, copper, and iron) as well as resistance to antibiotics (including penicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and kanamycin).CONCLUSION: Mask waste discovered in landfills, beaches, and mangroves can promote bacterial growth. This study indicated that the selected bacteria are capable of flourishing through the utilization of various mask types as their exclusive carbon and energy source across a wide range of potential of hydrogen levels, temperatures, and salinity concentrations. The ability to produce biofilms, withstand antibiotics, and endure heavy metal ions provides a protective environment for bacteria, enhancing their resilience against environmental stresses, and antimicrobial agents. Analysis of bacterial profiles reveals the intricate connections between microorganisms and their surroundings. The results of this study have implications for public health, environmental pollution, and ecosystem dynamics.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
Environmental Engineering
N. Nurmiati; P. Periadnadi; K. Kartiwan; T.W. Edelwis
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Trichoderma species (Trichoderma sp.) is commonly found in nature, particularly in soil and roots, often thriving in plants rich in cellulose such as oil palm. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize Trichoderma sp. in each substrate as well as to assess cellulolytic and ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Trichoderma species (Trichoderma sp.) is commonly found in nature, particularly in soil and roots, often thriving in plants rich in cellulose such as oil palm. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize Trichoderma sp. in each substrate as well as to assess cellulolytic and ligninolytic potential in vitro using a specific medium. Characterization and utilization of the plant were examined to efficiently manage empty fruit bunch (EFB) waste in Indonesian oil palm plantations. By exploring the biological, ecological, and biochemical attributes of Trichoderma sp., this study examined the mechanisms associated with efficacy in bioconversion processes and waste remediation.METHODS: A survey method was used to determine sampling locations, and purposive sampling was utilized in the field. Furthermore, several stages were undertaken including isolation, identification, as well as testing of morphology and potential in vitro.RESULTS: The results showed that the growth characteristics of Trichoderma sp. in filling a petri dish spanned approximately five days, forming colonies with a dark green hue. Microscopically, the isolates consisted of conidiophores, phialides, and conidia. Meanwhile, in vitro potential was assessed through cellulolytic and lignocellulolytic assays, with each isolate demonstrating varying capabilities in breaking down cellulose and lignocellulose. The highest cellulase activity (3.55 units per gram) was observed in enzyme starter granules treated with air drying. The highest viability per gram was found in spore inoculum (17.0 x 107) with air drying treatment. The greatest reduction in weight of oil palm EFB waste (65.3 percent) was achieved through the application of Trichoderma sp. enzyme starter granules with air drying treatment. Furthermore, eight isolates demonstrated cellulolytic and ligninolytic potential. Isolates sourced from soil had rapid growth on starter and baglog mediums, indicating potential for subsequent field applications as a biodegradation agent for organic waste.CONCLUSION: Based on the macroscopic (shape and color of mycelium) and microscopic characteristics (mycelium form), a total of eight Trichoderma sp. isolates were obtained. During the potential test, it was observed each isolate had different cellulolytic and ligninolytic activities. This study provided valuable insights into the diversity and enzymatic potential of Trichoderma sp. fungi, underscoring the importance of selecting suitable strains and optimizing cultivation conditions for various biotechnological applications. By exploring cellulolytic and ligninolytic capabilities, the results contributed to the development of more efficient and sustainable strategies for organic waste management and bioconversion. In general, this study represented a significant milestone in the quest for sustainable waste management solutions in agriculture, offering a promising pathway towards mitigating environmental impact and promoting the long-term sustainability of oil palm cultivation.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
Environmental Science
E. Pratiwi; P. Lestari; Y. Nugraha; W. Hartatik; Z. Susanti; I.G.M. Subiksa; A. Kasno; T.A. Adriany; Y.S. Fatma; A.F. Nababan; A.A. Rivaie
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Zinc deficiency is a significant global health concern, affecting around two billion people due to insufficient dietary intake. The extensive utilization of cereal-based meals with inadequate zinc content and limited bioavailability stands as the primary cause for this issue. ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Zinc deficiency is a significant global health concern, affecting around two billion people due to insufficient dietary intake. The extensive utilization of cereal-based meals with inadequate zinc content and limited bioavailability stands as the primary cause for this issue. Children who possess low levels of zinc experience stunted growth and developmental delays. They also have higher rates of morbidity from pneumonia, diarrhoea, and malaria. Inadequate zinc intake has been correlated with a heightened risk of mortality in children due to specific diseases. It is crucial to secure a satisfactory level of zinc in rice grains because of its indispensable function in various biochemical processes that are fundamental for the growth and advancement of plants. A deficiency in zinc can lead to reduced grain yield and nutritional value in rice. Recently, the utilization of registered biofertilizers and microbial technology is widely recognized in contemporary intensive farming practices. Some indigenous zinc-solubilizing bacterial strains discovered can increase rice yield and zinc content in grains. The objective of this study was to impact of a biofertilizer formula consisting of native zinc solubilizer strains on the growth, productivity, and zinc concentration in the grains of three rice varieties, namely Inpari IR Nutrizinc, Inpari 48, and Inpago 13 Fortiz. The study was conducted in a paddy field located in the Inceptisol of Subang Regency, West Java, during the year 2023.METHODS: The field trial was conducted to study the impact of a biofertilizer comprising a group of non-pathogenic zinc-solubilizing bacteria, including Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Enterobacter bugandensis on rice growth, yield, zinc levels, and uptake in grains. The rhizosphere soils were the origin of these bacteria, which were obtained using agar media containing zinc oxide as insoluble zinc compounds. Prior to this, the bacterial strains were evaluated for their capacity to dissolve zinc and generate the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid. To gauge their zinc-solubilizing prowess, Pikovskaya agar media, supplemented with insoluble zinc oxide and calcium phosphate, respectively, were utilized. The presence of distinct clear areas surrounding the colonies demonstrated the effectiveness of the microbes in converting insoluble zinc and phosphorus into soluble forms. The concentration of the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid was measured using the Salkowski reagent. The field trial was organized using a split-plot design with three replications. The application of the biofertilizer mixture as a seed treatment was carried out before the transplantation of the rice nursery. The seedlings were prepared individually for each rice variety, with a comparison made between those treated with the biofertilizer and those that were not.FINDINGS: The study found that the consortium of indigenous non-pathogenic zinc-solubilizing bacteria significantly increased the yield of rice varieties by about 5.6 percent and zinc content in grains by 16.3 percent. However, the application of zinc containing fertilizer treatments did not enhance the rice yield and zinc content in grains in this Inceptisol paddy soil. In terms of zinc content in grains, the rice variety Inpago 13 Fortiz exhibited a notable increase compared to the Inpari IR Nutrizinc variety, with levels of 40.3 milligrams per kilogram as opposed to 34.1 milligrams per kilogram.CONCLUSION: the utilization of a native combination of carefully chosen zinc-solubilizing bacterial strains could augment the productivity, zinc concentration, and absorption in rice grains of various varieties in a paddy field with Inceptisols soil type, characterized by a moderate to high overall zinc content and limited zinc accessibility. The addition of zinc containing fertilizer treatments did not enhance rice yield compared to the addition of other tratments or control. This is probably because of the medium-high level of the total zinc content of the soil, suggesting that the addition of Biofertizinc will reduce or delete the crop requirement for zinc fertilizer in Inceptisol paddy fields. This implies that the biofertilizer is ecologically sustainable as it eliminates the use of harmful chemicals, reduces the reliance on synthetic fertilizers, and lowers costs.
SHORT COMMUNICATION
Environmental Science
D. Ariyanto; D. Pringgenies
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A major function of mangroves is carbon sequestration in sediment. This study aimed to determine differences in carbon content in sediments in various types of mangroves and environmental parameters.METHODS: This study was carried out in Pesawaran as a natural mangrove and ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A major function of mangroves is carbon sequestration in sediment. This study aimed to determine differences in carbon content in sediments in various types of mangroves and environmental parameters.METHODS: This study was carried out in Pesawaran as a natural mangrove and in South Lampung as rehabilitated mangrove in Indonesia. Purposive sampling method was used by considering the types of mangroves at the locations. Sediment sampling was taken using a polyvinyl chloride pipe with a diameter of 47.46 milimeters and a height of 30 centimeters. The sediment parameters measured were bulk density, carbon stock, and sequestration. Environmental parameters measured included sediment texture, potential of hydrogen, temperature, salinity, and total dissolved solids. A statistical analysis was conducted using the principal component analysis to determine the relationship between the organic carbon stock and the environmental parameters.FINDINGS: The study results showed that natural mangroves (Pesawaran) had a higher organic carbon value at 2.2 ± 0.32 percent than rehabilitated mangroves (South Lampung) at 0.9 ± 0.25 percent. The principal component analysis results revealed that organic carbon, carbon dioxide equivalent, carbon stock, and carbon sequestration had positive correlation characteristics influenced by salinity, silt, and clay, while negative correlation characteristics were affected by temperature, total dissolved solids, and sand. The distribution of sediment texture tended to show more silt in rehabilitated mangroves, while natural mangroves tended to have the same composition between sand and silt. The potential of hydrogen conditions in natural and rehabilitated mangroves showed no significant differences in values. The salinity in Pesawaran, which was classified as a natural mangrove, was higher due to the influence of the tides and was directly facing the shoreline. Meanwhile, in South Lampung, which was categorized as a rehabilitated mangrove, the salinity was lower due to the long dry season and the canals being unable to support the water entering the mangroves.CONCLUSION: The organic carbon content at the research locations was influenced by the older age of the Rhizophora stylosa compared to that of the Rhizophora mucronata and Ceriop tagal types of mangroves. The carbon sequestration rate values showed 1.65–3.14 for natural mangroves and 0.29–1.25 for rehabilitated mangroves, thus establishing that the rate is higher (2–3 times) in natural mangroves than in rehabilitated mangroves.
CASE STUDY
Environmental Science
K.M. Hawrami; A.K. Baset
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A rapidly increasing human population has resulted in the expansion of urban areas and an associated increase in the demand for food. Consequently, urban and peri-urban agriculture, using waste water as a source for irrigation, is increasingly common around the world, ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A rapidly increasing human population has resulted in the expansion of urban areas and an associated increase in the demand for food. Consequently, urban and peri-urban agriculture, using waste water as a source for irrigation, is increasingly common around the world, particularly in developing countries. In the Kurdistan region of Iraq, the soils within Agriculture areas have the potential to accumulate trace elements originating from various sources of contamination like municipal waste disposal and the use of wastewater for irrigation. The main aim of this study was to assess the levels and sources of trace elements in this specific region and to analyze the potential health hazards linked to toxic elements present in the soil.METHODS: Elemental analyses were conducted on soil samples using the total digestion method, involving the use of Hydrofluoric acid. Subsequently, 118 soil samples, each with a fraction size of less than 2 millimeters, were analyzed. These samples were collected from seven different urban and peri-urban agriculture areas in Sulaimani province. The analysis was carried out using Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrophotometry, which operated in collision cell mode with 7 percent hydrogen in helium to minimize polyatomic interferences.FINDINGS: The study findings indicated that the soils, with a potential hydrogen range of 7.5 to 8.18, are mainly calcareous and have textures that vary from silty loam to sandy or silty clay. Additionally, the organic matter content of these soils ranges from 1.4 percent to 5.47 percent. It was noted that soils subjected to wastewater irrigation do not show significant contamination by trace elements, whereas those affected by waste disposal sites showed high levels of chromium (134 milligrams per kilogram), copper (263 milligrams per kilogram), zinc (773 milligrams per kilogram), cadmium (4.19 milligrams per kilogram) and lead (161 milligrams per kilogram). Evaluation of enrichment factors indicates that the concentrations of trace elements generally remain within the anticipated background levels, with the exception of the municipal waste disposal site. The hazard indices derived for the trace elements indicate that the potential health risks associated with exposure routes are minimal. These indices consistently remain below the internationally recognized threshold of one, which signifies that the health concerns are insignificant fall within acceptable boundaries.CONCLUSION: The concentrations of trace elements exhibited a notable increase in locations allocated for waste disposal, demonstrating a gradual decline in comparison to other agricultural regions. Throughout all the locations examined, the levels of nickel consistently remained elevated, suggesting that the geological attributes of the region have a significant impact.
CASE STUDY
Environmental Management
I. Listiana; D. Ariyanto
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Improving welfare requires continuous and various efforts, including enhancing social capital and local institutions for the preservation of mangrove forests. Reinforcing local social and institutional capital to enhance mangrove ecosystems is crucial for understanding the ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Improving welfare requires continuous and various efforts, including enhancing social capital and local institutions for the preservation of mangrove forests. Reinforcing local social and institutional capital to enhance mangrove ecosystems is crucial for understanding the intricate social systems necessary to conserve, manage, and restore mangrove ecosystem services. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between social capital and social institutions with the sustainability of mangrove rehabilitation in the Teluk Pandan and Padang Cermin districts of Lampung, Indonesia, in 2023.METHODS: This study analyzes the role of local social and institutional capital in the welfare of communities residing around mangrove forests in the Way Ratai district of Pesawaran Regency. This study employs a survey research approach, drawing samples from the population, and utilizes both quantitative and qualitative data analysis. A sample of 300 respondents was selected based on the guidelines for Structural Equation Model analysis. The study was carried out in two sub-districts of Pesawaran Regency. The districts were deliberately chosen due to the fact that they are designated mangrove forest rehabilitation areas. Data collection took place from July to December 2023. Data analysis involved tabulation techniques and Structural Equation Model analysis using Linear Structural Relations.FINDINGS: The findings suggest that social institutions, such as customary practices, sanctions, and conflict, have a negative impact on mangrove rehabilitation and welfare. Increasing the social capital of communities surrounding mangrove forests has a significant influence on mangrove rehabilitation and welfare, including the fulfillment of basic needs like shelter, food, access to healthcare, and education. Community leaders oversee activities, encourage community involvement in mangrove rehabilitation, and ensure the smooth running of government programs.CONCLUSION: Social capital can be enhanced through group meetings, social gatherings, initiatives to raise awareness about tourism, and mangrove conservation groups. The goal of empowerment is to create self-sufficient and socially empowered communities capable of meeting their physical, economic, and social needs. This fosters self-confidence and allows them to voice their aspirations, secure their livelihoods, engage in social endeavors, and face life independently. Social capital influences community participation in mangrove rehabilitation.
